Cari asked
about my thoughts on women in the priesthood. That is a very good question, because my thesis is about the debate in
the Catholic Church over whether women should be ordained. Answering this question should be easy for
me, because I’ve spent the past months researching and writing about this
topic. Before I get into it, though, I
want to clarify something that needs to be clarified if I’m going to be doing apologetics on this
site.
The Catholic Church is not a salad bar, New York Times articles
to the contrary notwithstanding. I
cannot be a Catholic and unilaterally decide that I disagree with a particular
Church teaching. Picking and choosing
doctrines is not a part of what it means to be a witness to Christ.
That said, there are many things on which the Church has
made no definitive statement. For
example, as long as you affirm that God is the real source of all creation, you
are free to believe that he created it by physical means of the Big Bang. I personally think that the Big Bang is a
fairly convincing theory, although I clearly don’t have all the evidence. In the same way, you’re allowed to believe
that the seven days of creation in the Bible were actually seven twenty-four
hour days, or that they lasted much longer. I lean toward the second view.
Despite what some people think, the Catholic Church does not
going around randomly picking stances on issues so that it can have more
control over the beliefs of its members. It defines doctrines that are important for the practice of the faith by
Christians, and it defines them in accordance with Scripture, Tradition, and
reason. Most Americans are convinced
that the Church’s stance on birth control is arbitrary and oppressive, but I
think Humanae
Vitae shows that the teaching was not developed to make people’s lives
miserable, but to make their lives better.
It comes down to this: the Catholic Church is the mystical
Body of Christ, under the infallible guidance of the Holy Spirit. If you believe that the Body of Christ has
been hijacked by misogynistic, patriarchal celibate priests who want nothing
except to impose their will on the people, then why are you still a
Catholic? If the Body of Christ can be
hijacked by men, then clearly the Spirit of God is not all-powerful, and the
Church is a fraud. Why would you want
to belong to a fraud?
Certainly there have been many bad leaders in the Church
over the years, on all levels of the hierarchy. But the Church’s teachings and traditions survived the influence of these people largely unscathed,
and I think this proves, if you need proof, that the guidance of the Holy
Spirit is still with us. In my opinion
it’s no accident that people all over the world were so attracted to John Paul
II, even if they disagreed with him - he was another proof that the almighty, all-loving God is present in the
Church in a way that he is not present elsewhere.
I am not trying to convert anyone here – it’s too big a job
for the Internet, I think – but simply to explain where I’m coming from. This is the way I see it: I’m Catholic. This means I am an active member of the Body
of Christ, and I believe its teachings wholeheartedly. If a doctrine is defined, then it is not my
job to rail against it; it is my job to understand it and to integrate my
understanding into the practice of my faith. It is perfectly fine for me to struggle to understand it, as long as I
admit that the weakness is on my side, and not on the doctrine’s side.
So if you were hoping I was going to say I’m in favor of
women being ordained, no dice. The
doctrine is clearly defined, and I agree with it. I should add that the research I’ve done this semester has
convinced me that those Catholics who are seeking the priesthood for women are
seriously misguided.
I was going to write an explanation, in laymen’s terms, of
what this teaching is and why I agree with it, but my preface has gone on too
long. So instead, I give you the
section of my thesis that deals with Church teaching on the topic. Hopefully it will enlighten you about my
thoughts on the issue. Here it is:
On October 15, 1976, in response to
controversy that had arisen among Catholic theologians, the Sacred Congregation
for the Doctrine of the Faith issued Inter Insigniores, the Declaration
on the Question of Admission of Women to the Ministerial Priesthood. Its conclusion regarding the question is
stated definitively in the first paragraph:
The Catholic Church has never felt that priestly or
episcopal ordination can be validly conferred on women… Over and above
considerations inspired by the spirit of the times, one finds expressed –
especially in the canonical documents of the Antiochan and Egyptian traditions
– this essential reason, namely, that by calling only men to the priestly Order
and ministry in its true sense, the Church intends to remain faithful to the
type of ordained ministry willed by the Lord Jesus Christ and carefully
maintained by the Apostles.
The Declaration continues with a comprehensive
exposition of the Church’s argument in defense of her exclusion of women from
the priesthood. Here we will briefly
examine the points of this argument, so that we may keep them in mind when we
consider the claims made by feminist theologians on the opposite side.
Inter Insigniores affirms
the truth that Jesus acted toward women in a way that was out of accordance
with the practices of his time. He took
care to affirm the dignity and equality of women, and yet he did not call any
of them to the priesthood. This
suggests that the exclusion of women from the priesthood does not imply the
subordination of women, but rather a difference between men and women that does
not mean women are of lesser value. Inter
Insigniores points out that Mary was not called to the priesthood, even
though she was greater than the Apostles: “Although the Blessed Virgin Mary
surpassed in dignity and in excellence all the Apostles, nevertheless it was
not to her but to them that the Lord entrusted the Keys of the Kingdom of Heaven.”
The
Apostles, entrusted with carrying out Christ’s mission, acted in accordance
with his decision not to call any women to be apostles. The Church has followed this example
throughout the two thousand years since then. It is the Church’s place to decide whether this tradition can be
changed, as Inter Insigniores points out,
In the final analysis
it is the Church through the voice of the Magisterium, that, in these various
domains, decides what can change and what must remain immutable. When she judges she cannot accept certain
changes, it is because she knows she is bound by Christ’s manner of
acting. Her attitude, despite
appearances, is therefore not one of archaism but of fidelity: it can be truly
understood only in this light.
The decision to exclude women from priestly ordination is
not an arbitrary one. It has been made
carefully, in accordance with the teachings of Christ, by the Body of Christ
under the guidance of the Holy Spirit. The Church says that she does not consider herself authorized to ordain
women; that is the end of the question.
That is, it
should have been the end of the question. In reality, the discussion continued after Inter Insigniores was
issued. This led Pope John Paul II,
almost twenty years later, to issue Ordinatio Sacerdotalis, the
apostolic letter On Reserving Priestly Ordination to Men Alone. In it, he affirms the conclusions of Inter
Insigniores and states,
Wherefore, in order
that all doubt may be removed regarding a matter of great importance, a matter
which pertains to the Church’s divine constitution itself, in virtue of my
ministry of confirming the brethren I declare that the Church has no authority
whatsoever to confer priestly ordination on women and that this judgment is to
be definitively held by all the Church’s faithful.
Thus, the
Church has spoken conclusively about the possibility of ordaining women to the
priesthood.
However, it
would not have been customary of Pope John Paul II’s pastoral style if he had
simply supported the exclusion of the women from the priesthood without giving
further explanation of the fact that the Catholic Church, despite this
exclusion, still affirms their dignity as persons. John Paul II gave this explanation in Mulieris Dignitatem,
his 1988 apostolic letter On the Dignity and Vocation of Women. In the letter, he affirms the singularity
and beauty of woman’s role in humanity. Beginning with a discussion of Eve, the first woman, he shows that while
Adam was the beginning of humanity, Eve was the beginning of human community. Women, he asserts, are community-builders;
it is in them that new life grows and through them that the human community is
strengthened. By pointing out to women
what he calls their “original” role in the world, John Paul gently nudges them
toward true femininity and helps them to fulfill the nature of their
womanhood. His teaching, far from being
sexist and narrow-minded, leads women to embrace the only thing that will bring
them true happiness, womanhood in the light of Christ.
The
teaching of the Church regarding the exclusion of women from the priesthood
often seems to be mostly negative, outlining what women cannot do instead of
what they can. In reality, the theology
of the Church concerning the nature of feminity is ultimately positive. In Mulieris Dignitatem, John Paul II
reminds us of this, and calls women to seek that which all Christians are
called to seek, fulfillment in Christ. “The dignity of every human being and the vocation corresponding to that
dignity find their definitive measure in union with God.” The dignity of each person has nothing to do
with his status on earth, and everything to do with his holiness. Thus the teaching of the Church that women
may not be ordained priests is not meant to imprison women; indeed, when
understood within the larger context of an authentic Catholic feminism, the
Church’s decision to act in accordance with the teachings of Christ frees women
to fulfill the vocations for which God intended them.